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Multiculturalismand immigration are a reality we live in every day, but few have dared to study the subject in depth.
Tariq Modood studied it and has lived in the UK among multiculturalism himself. He emigrated as a young boy to Britain from Pakistan. His contributions have travelled the world and changed the view of immigration and the relationship of multiculturalism to citizenship.
Below we will explore how Professor Tariq Modood has shaped the political concept of multiculturalism, Modood's significant publications and his ongoing work to challenge discrimination of minority groups within British society.
Professor Tariq Modood was born in, Pakistan, in 1952.As a celebrated author, academic and founder of theUniversity of Bristol'sCentre for the Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship,Modood, has shaped the ways people globally view multiculturalism.
Multiculturalism refers to a diversity of religion, culture, race, sexuality and gender within societies. It is an ideology that aims to challenge the barriers to diverse and accepting societies such as marginalisation and oppression.
Modood's research has focused on multiculturalism, immigration and race relations applied through the disciplines of sociology and political theory.
Throughout his career, Professor Modood has authored over 30 books and published more than 150 articles! Below is a short summary:
| Title | 年酒吧lished |
Multiculturalism: A Civic Idea |
2007 |
European Multiculturalism |
2009 |
世俗主义、宗教和μlticultural Citizenship |
2009 |
Still Not Easy Being British: Struggles for a Multicultural Citizenship |
2010 |
Trying to multiculturalise my Country |
2021 |
Professor Tariq Modood has directly influenced the British political sphere through his work aslead researcher on the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities in the United Kingdom, published in 1997 as "Ethnic Minorities in the United Kingdom: Diversity and Disadvantage."
The study explored the experiences of individuals from ethnic minority backgrounds from across the UK, covering fields such as family life, employment, health and cultural identity. The research concluded that "minority ethnic groups experienced discrimination in job applications and promotions, harassment, and unfavourable stereotyping1".
For example, the research highlighted that, in the UK, university lecturers from ethnic minorities were half as likely to become professors as white lecturers.
Additionally, from 2007 to 2009, Tariq Modood was a member of The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) Commission onNational Security. From 2008 to 2010, Modood was a member of the NationalEqualityPanel.
Fig. 2 Multicuturalism Illustration
Since the 1960s, "multiculturalism" has described a society open to and celebrates difference. In this context, multiculturalism can be seen as an ideology or as a set of policies.
Multiculturalismis an ideology that holds that societies must strive for equality between all citizens. One way to achieve this overarching aim, promoted by multiculturalism, is to ensurediversity in education, economic opportunity, and social interactions. Such an approach aims to establisha better societal consciousness and understanding of various cultural identities, sexual orientations, racial identities, religious beliefs and gender identities.
According to Modood,Multiculturalismis:
multiculturalism is not a politics of separatism; on the contrary, it is a politics of diversity and pluralism2"
Modood suggests that these ideas of pluralism and integration are key features of creating multicultural societies.
Pluralismis the ability of two or more groups to coexist.
A good way to think of creating multicultural societies, according to Modood, is similar to putting together a jigsaw puzzle. No one jigsaw piece is the same, each has its own shape making it unique. Rather than changing the shape of each piece, to complete the puzzle, pieces must be arranged to align and fit with their neighbouring pieces.
Modood criticises the concept of assimilation, viewing it as a restrictive and reductive form of integration that strips away diversity and difference within societies.
Assimilationis the process of embodying the practices and beliefs of the majority within society.
Modood refers to assimilation as "one-way: here is a society, people come into it and they try to be like what already exists." Rather, Modood argues that multiculturalism requires a more interactive approach:
It is about fitting people together so that there is give and take, mutual change and the creation of something new.3"
Throughout the course of his career, Tariq Modood has focused his efforts on defending the existence and value of multiculturalism within Britain. In doing so, Modood has challenged mainstream political figures from across the left and right wings of the UK political system, especially regarding the supposed "death of multiculturalism". This sentiment has been declared since the 1990s by significant political figures such as David Blunkett (former Labour Home Secretary) andDavid Cameron(former Conservative Primer Minister).
During his first speech asPrime Minister, in 2011,David Cameronclaimed state multiculturalism had failed4.
Modood argues the contrary, that multiculturalism is not dead or defunct in Britain. Rather, since the 1990s great progress has been made to embed the ideology into the foundations of British society. Modood cites the passing of the 2010EqualityAct, as a significant step inethnoreligious multiculturalism.
Ethnoreligious Multiculturalismis aform of multiculturalism which focuses on the relationship between pluralism, religious and cultural identities within societies.
TheEqualityAct, passed in 2010 under the Labour government ofGordon Brown,gave legal protections against religious discrimination. When considering the impact of this legislation, Modood focuses on British Muslim populations to highlight that multiculturalism remains alive and significant to British society. UsingIslamic faith schools as an example, which have received financial and political support in the policies of the UK government, Modood illustrates how protections of religious identities enableMuslim communities to fulfilkey decision-making positions in British society, influencing local neighbourhoods, charities and organised religious activity.5
Modood highlights that for multiculturalism to continue to develop in the UK, the responsibility of well-integrated societies must be removed from minority communities. Rather, Modood concludes it must be viewed as a collective responsibility, touching everyone in a society:
We must not take for granted what we have in common, but work hard to ensure that all citizens recognise themselves in our shared concept of citizenship – imaginatively shaped by our sense of who we are, where we are coming from and where we are going."6
Among his beliefs, Modood believes and emphasises the importance of choice when it comes to integration, rather than the government or society imposing an approach.
Modood contributed to the debates on multiculturalism versus focusing on shared values. Modood rejects David Cameron's assertion that "multiculturalism has failed."
He has participated in several necessary studies and worked on many UK government committees dealing with diversity and British Muslims. As a result, he was made a Member of the British Empire for his efforts (MBE).
Modood was the principal investigator for the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities in Britain, published in 1997 by the Institute for Policy Studies at the University of Westminster as Ethnic Minorities in Britain: Diversity and Disadvantage.
"Minority ethnic groups experienced discrimination in job applications and promotions, harassment, and unfavourable stereotyping," the study stated.
Throughout the course of his career, Tariq Modood has focused his efforts on defending the existence and value of multiculturalism within Britain. Modood argues the contrary, that multiculturalism is not dead or defunct in Britain.
Modood highlights that for multiculturalism to continue to develop in the UK, the responsibility of well-integrated societies must be removed from minority communities. Rather, Modood concludes it must be viewed as a collective responsibility, touching everyone in a society
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