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Countries worldwide employ various voting systems to elect their government officials and representatives. One of the most commonelectoral systemsused today is the party-list system, a type of proportional representation. This article aims to provide you, the student, a clearer understanding of party-list proportional representation, as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
Party-list proportional representation is a voting system used in more than 80 countries worldwide in which multiple candidates are elected according to their ordered position on a predetermined electoral list. Parties are awarded seats in parliament according to the overall proportion of votes they receive within their district or constituency. Two main voting methods are used in party-list systems: open and closed lists. We will describe both in more detail in the section below.
Constituency size varies. For example, the entire country is one significant constituency in the Netherlands and Israel. In other countries, there are smaller constituencies.
Party-list systems can be national or regional.
Fig. 1 – Polling station sign.
The purpose of using proportionalelectoral systemsis to produce governments that more accurately reflect the overall level of public support each party commands. This helps toensure that the needs and concerns of broad segments of society are given a voice in government.
Party-list proportional representation also makes it easier for smaller parties to win seats in Parliament. As a result, governments elected using the party-list system are often comprised of a diverse range of parties. The party-list system also tends to produce more coalition governments (e.g. when no single party wins a majority of seats), forcing parties to form alliances and work together to pass laws.
There are currently 650 constituencies in the United Kingdom, each electing one member of parliament. It is projected that the UK would have 26 constituencies under a party-list system, each electing 25 MPs3
Case Study
Some states have reformed their electoral laws to implement proportional representation systems in the United States. The most extensive research to date is the Proportional Representation and Electoral Reform in Ohio, produced by Kathleen Barber and colleagues.
The study analyzed the political effects of proportional representation (PR) systems in five Ohio cities. They found that PR systems ensured fairer and more balanced representation in the state's legislature. In an election in Cincinnati held prior to the adoption of the PR system, the Republican Party won only 55% of the votes but received 97% of the city council seats. Conversely, in the first election using the PR system, the Republicans, having won 27.8% of the votes, were awarded 33.3% of the seats, whilst the Democrats won 63.8% and were awarded 66.7% of the seats.2
The two most common party-list proportional representation voting systems are theclosedandopen listsystems.
In the closed party-list system, voters are asked to tick the box on the ballot that corresponds with their preferred party rather than selecting an individual candidate (the parties themselves choose an ordered list of candidates beforehand). Once the election concludes, seats are allocated to each party based on the percentage of votes they receive. For example, if a party gets 40% of the votes in a ten-seat constituency, they would win four parliamentary seats. If the party gets 20% of the popular vote, they will win two seats, etc.
An ordered list of candidates created before the election determines which candidates ultimately fill the seats allocated to each party.候选人名单通常各不相同,所以它们是裁缝ed to the voters the party seeks to attract. For example, some factors taken into account include gender and geography. The first name on the list is usually the most popular candidate.
From 1999 to 2019, England, Wales, and Scotland used the closed party-list proportional system during the European Parliamentary elections.
In the open list system, each ballot contains a candidate list. In this case, a vote for a candidate equals a vote for that candidate's party (this is important when the votes are counted and seats are allocated to each party).
Note: In some countries, you can vote for a party and leave the ordering of the candidates up to other voters.
More than 80 countries worldwide use the party-list system1. Some of the more prominent examples of countries that use the closed list system include Israel, Argentina, Turkey, and Albania, whilst Brazil, Finland, and the UK (EuropeanParliamentelections) use the open-list system.
Case Study
In the 2014 European Parliament Election,UKIP, a British right-wing populist party, won 27% of the popular vote earning them 24 seats in the European Parliament. It marked the first time a party not considered one of Britain's two major parties (theLabour Partyand theConservative Party), won Britain's popular vote since the early 20th century.
The party-list proportional representation voting system has its share of advantages, but it also has some disadvantages. In this section, we will discuss both sides of the coin.
Pros |
Cons |
Wide range of parties to choose from Countries that use party-list proportional representation tend to form multi-parties governments, as list systems are highly proportional 在国家党员repr成比例esentation systems to elect their MPs, newer, smaller parties have a better chance of gaining seats in parliament as the vote threshold is lower Party-list representation systems encourage voter participation as they give the electorate a broader range of choices. |
Party-list systems can give too much power to parties The biggest concern with party-list systems is that they can give too much power to parties Furthermore, local party members often have no say in the selection, and voters may be stuck with an unpopular candidate |
Open list systems can make candidates more responsive to voters 选民可以选择单个候选人。这s is attractive to the electorate as voters may feel that candidates are more likely to take their concerns more seriously. |
There is less of an MP constituency link. Under the First-Past-The-Post system (the system currently used in most large UK elections), MPs serve the constituency they campaign in, which makes them much more inclined to tackle important local issues. 在英国,选区link is a vital aspect of UK politics. MPs representing their local constituencies are directly accountable to those constituencies. If they do not follow the concerns of their constituents, they will not receive votes in the next election. |
Closed list systems are easy to understand Advocates of the closed list system point out that it is easy for voters to understand, which may be particularly useful in situations where voter education levels are low. Closed list advocates also argue that this system increases accountability. Voters know what they are getting when they support a particular party. Closed lists also can allow parties to take explicit steps to elect traditionally under-represented constituencies such as people of colour, women, etc. |
Party-list systems tend to produce more coalition governments Because there is more room for multiplepolitical parties, coalition governments are much more common under party-list proportional representation. |
Table 1 – Pros and Cons of the Party-List Proportional Representation.
The party list system is introduced to ensure the representation of minority groups in Congress.
The party-list representative system is a voting mechanism created to give a proportional representation in Parliament, according to the vote cast.
No, it is not. The proportional representation system empowers minority parties, giving them a presence in Parliament.
The proportional representation system works under two types: closed-list and open-list. In the closed list, the number of seats filled is contingent on the order of the candidate list the party chooses in advance. In the open-list system, the voter also selects a candidate from the party list.
The party-list system's primary purpose is to ensure that the needs and concerns of diverse groups (workers, farmers, fishers, etc.) will have a voice in Parliament.
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